Since the products that need to use the coaxial connector are developed in the direction of appearance refinement, installation simplicity and long service life, the existence of the pin probe connector has well solved the needs of the connector manufacturer, the pin probe connector. Therefore, it has become the favor of many connector manufacturers. After a large number of related tests, the factors affecting the life of the pin probe connection are as follows.     1. Frictional corrosion     The friction of the pin probe connector during operation and the corrosion of various corrosive substances in the working environment are important factors for greatly reducing the life of the pin probe RF connector.     2. Electrical accident     This type of fault generally refers to the connection between the wire and the terminal and is a factor that directly affects the life of the pin probe connector. In order to solve this problem effectively, a new type of reinforced crimping technology has emerged, which is an upgraded version of the previous crimping technology. After testing, this technology can greatly reduce the occurrence of electrical faults, and has gradually begun to be applied in actual production.     3. Plugging problem     The problem of plugging and unplugging the pin probe connector adapter has always been an important factor in the failure. The control of the insertion force is difficult, and it is easy to fall off when it is small, and it will be damaged when it is large. This has always been a big problem in this respect, so many designers can’t think of any good way. The more methods used now are to control different insertion and extraction forces depending on the place of use. Although the application of a part of the pin probe connector can be guaranteed to some extent, this problem cannot be completely solved.

    Both types of coaxial cable and fiber optic cable can be used to transmit video, audio, and other forms of data, and both can provide you with significant advantages and disadvantages when establishing a network.     Deciding which is best for your situation depends on the distance of the connection and the amount of data to be sent. Before repeaters are needed, fiber-optic cables carry data signals. Coaxial cables have higher signal losses, so they should be used for shorter distances. Fiber optic cables carry more information. Fiber optic cables are also significantly more expensive. Compared to coaxial cables, fiber optic cables are found to be less frequent in the environment in which they are used.     Coaxial cable assembly are easy to install and very durable. Because optical fibers have higher and faster data transmission than coaxial cables, they are best suited for professional networks, such as those found in business parks or universities. If you are working on a home installation or a medium-capacity data transmission network, it is best not to use coaxial cables.     Many companies today use cable adapter for their commercial broadband services. The biggest drawback of wired Internet is speed fluctuations. Looking at fiber optic Internet and wired Internet, wired Internet services are usually shared among many users. This means that if a large number of users in the cable area use the Internet to run all bandwidth-intensive applications at the same time, everyone's speed may vary between 100% and 25% of the promised speed.     Many companies today use cable connections for their commercial broadband services. The biggest disadvantage of wired Internet is speed fluctuations. Looking at fiber optic Internet and wired Internet, wired Internet services are usually shared among many users. This means that if a large number of users in the cable area use the Internet to run all bandwidth-intensive applications at the same time, everyone's speed may vary between 100% and 25% of the promised speed.

    As industrial and aerospace applications increasingly rely on electronic equipment, manufacturers of RF microwave cable assembly must expand cable products capable of meeting high reliability standards under a variety of environmental and operating conditions. Areas involved in such high-reliability components include space technology, test and measurement, wireless mobile communications, automotive, medical, and industrial applications. Unfortunately, the definition of high-reliability coaxial cables varies widely in different industries: there are also differences in the judgment of reliability standards and the range of acceptance conditions for reliability in the commercial sector, the automotive industry, the United States and the European Union, which causes When you need to compare cables or equipment from a "high reliability" perspective, it can be overwhelming.     Industry Standard     The benchmarks written by industry standards point to the "minimum specifications" of components and the "minimum level of performance" that the system can provide for cable assemblies. On this basis, manufacturers must produce high-quality cables due to industry competition considerations, in order to surpass the current industry standards in performance indicators, so as to obtain relative product advantages. In other words, on the one hand, industry standards help to ensure that the cables provided by manufacturers are compatible with similar products, and on the other hand, they urge manufacturers to show advantages in terms of performance, installation method or cost. In many people's opinion, the industry standard is compulsory, but strictly following the industry standard in the design and manufacture of coaxial cables should be a spontaneous, rational and win-win move in essence. Better promote interoperability, scalability and more efficient cost savings of communication systems.     What is high reliability?     When it comes to "high reliability", the common understanding is the judgment conclusions obtained through reliability measurements, and the conclusion of this conclusion also needs to take actual equipment and applications into consideration. However, for high-reliability coaxial cables, the reliability of the cables can also be determined by comparing the cable parameters with relevant standards. Reliability is used to measure consistency and reusability. Therefore, when using high-reliability coaxial cable, users not only require the cable assembly to operate normally in a preset way, but also need to achieve stable operation from beginning to end . In the RF industry, "reliability" can be described as the typical performance of the cable, maintaining the proper level of performance during the product's life cycle, without performance degradation or performance loss. In actual use, one or more performance indicators involved in determining the reliability of a cable assembly w...

    RF signal has its own characteristics, so the transmission of signal requires a special medium, the corresponding connector is also very special, here is the main description of the common rf coaxial connector, in accordance with gb11316-89, IEC169 standards, mil-c-31012 and other standards.     First. common coaxial connector and main performance table:     In addition to the above connectors, there are MINI BNC, SL16, C3, CC4 (1.0/2.3), SMZ (bt-43), MIM and other connectors, but mainly some of the company's models.     Second. Selection of common coaxial connectors     BNC is bayonet type for RF connections less than 4GHz and is widely used for instrument and computer interconnections.     TNC is thread connection, similar to BNC in size, operating frequency up to 11GHz, thread for vibration environment.     SMA is the most widely used, impedance of 50 and 75 ohms, 50 ohms, soft cable use frequency is lower than 12.4Ghz, semi-rigid cable up to 26.5 Ghz.     SMB connector is smaller than SMA in size and for fast connection inserts self-locking structure, commonly used for digital communication, is L9 replacement, 50 ohm to 4GHz, 75 ohm to 2GHz.     SMC is a threaded joint and other similar SMBS with a wider frequency range and is commonly used in military or high vibration environments.     N Type connector is screw, air insulation material, low cost, frequency up to 11GHz, often used in test equipment, there are 50 and 75 ohms two.     For dense connections, the MCX and MMCX connectors are small.     BMA for blind plug connections for low power microwave systems up to 18 GHz.     Each connector comes with military and commercial standards. The military standard is made by mil-c-39012, copper parts, PTFE insulation, inside and outside gold-plated, most reliable performance, but at a higher cost.     Commercial standard designs use inexpensive materials such as brass castings, polypropylene insulation, and silver coatings, which are less reliable.     The connector materials are brass, beryllium copper and stainless steel, and the center conductor is usually gold-plated to ensure low resistance and corrosion resistance.Military standards require gold plating on SMA and SMB, and silver plating on N, TNC and BNC, because silver is easy to oxidize and users prefer nickel.     Insulation material has polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and toughened polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene insulation performance is the best, but the cost is higher.

    RF connectors may be small, but if you put together a sufficient number of connectors, as in a base station, you will find that these connectors and their associated cable fittings will form a network and become widely accepted.Therefore, if you can reduce the size of the connector while improving performance, simplifying installation, and reducing possible human errors, you have a good reason to replace it.These factors, as well as reduced PIM, are likely to result in familiar connector types such as N type connector and 7-16 DIN connector in microbase stations and small cells being almost or even substantially replaced by newer, smaller connectors, and the process is already under way.     Most components can be used in the back panel after the connector size is reduced, which is very important for space-limited applications.But even if these connectors may be small enough, they are not enough for wireless carriers that need more space in crowded device bunkers.In addition, applications that require high data rates, such as high-definition video, require large amounts of bandwidth, which connectors must adapt to.     Distributed antenna systems (DAS) are also hosts to a large number of digital, optical, and RF connectors that may be combined to more than 100 in a large installation.It is not feasible to replace all the connectors in existing analog DAS systems that transmit only RF signals over coaxial cables, but fortunately the field is growing fast, so a new first installation may use the latest connectors at the right price.Cable and telecoms companies have deployed hundreds of thousands of wi-fi hotspots as value-added services to customers, potentially making them a new, smaller alternative connector.Another area that could benefit from smaller connectors is the growing large market for portable RF test equipment that, in addition to its small size and high performance, requires a sturdy connector design to meet harsh field conditions.

    1. Power/level (dBm): the output capability of the amplifier, the general unit is w, mw, dBm     Note: dBm is an absolute power level expressed in decibels with 1mw as the reference value. Conversion formula:     Level (dBm)=10lgw     5W → 10lg5000=37dBm     10W → 10lg10000=40dBm     20W → 10lg20000=43dBm     It is not difficult to see from the above that every time the power is doubled, the level value increases by 3dBm     2. Gain (dB): the magnification factor, and the unit can be expressed in decibels (dB), That is: dB=10lgA (A is the power amplification multiple)     3. Insertion loss: the attenuation increased when a certain device or component is connected to the transmission circuit, and the unit is expressed in dB.     4. Selectivity: Measure the gain in the working frequency band and the suppression ability of out-of-band radiation. The -3dB bandwidth is the bandwidth when the gain is reduced by 3dB, and the same applies to -40dB and -60dB.     5. Standing wave ratio (return loss): the ratio of the antinode voltage to the node voltage (VSWR) in the traveling standing wave state     6. Third-order intermodulation: If there are two sinusoidal signals ω1 and ω2, many intermodulation components will be generated due to nonlinear effects. The two frequency components of 2ω1-ω2 and 2ω2-ω1 are called third-order intermodulation components. The ratio of the power of P3 and the signal ω1 or ω2 is called the third-order intermodulation coefficient M3, That is, M3 =10lg P3/P1 (dBc)     7. Noise figure: Generally defined as the ratio of output signal-to-noise ratio to input signal-to-noise ratio, which is calculated in decibels in actual use. The unit is dB.     8. Coupling degree: the power ratio between the coupling port and the input port, in dB.     9. Isolation: The ratio of the power of the local oscillator or signal leaking to other ports to the original power, in dB.     10. Antenna gain (dB): Refers to the ability of an antenna to concentrate its transmission power in a certain direction. Generally, the field strength E in the maximum radiation direction of the antenna is compared with the uniform radiation field strength E0 of an ideal isotropic antenna, and the multiple of the increase in power density is defined as the gain.      11. Antenna pattern: It is the range of electromagnetic waves radiated by the antenna in free space. The width of the directional pattern generally refers to the angle between the two points when the width of the main lobe drops half from the maximum value.     The E-plane pattern refers to the in-plane radiation pattern parallel to the electric field;     The H-plane pattern refers to the in-plane radiation pattern parallel to the magnetic field.  ...

    RF coaxial connector is installed on the cable or is a device inside a component, usually used for transmission line electrical connection or separation, is a commonly used electronic components, is a mechatronics products.     RF connector is generally installed on the cable or a kind of electronic components in the instrument, is used for transmission line electrical connection or separation of electronic components. Is a kind of mechatronics electronic components. Radio-frequency coaxial connector is installed in the cable or a kind of electronic products in the instrument, metal parts are generally made of copper material, the case multi-purpose lead brass, pin socket with beryllium bronze, with PTFE, that is, polytetrafluoroethylene as insulation material, coating mainly has gold plating, silver plating, nickel plating, plating ternary alloy and so on.The main technical indicators are characteristic impedance, insulation resistance, contact resistance, voltage standing wave ratio, insertion loss, third order intermodulation.

    BNC connetor is bayonet type, mainly used for rf connection less than 4GHz, widely used for instrument and computer interconnection     TNC connector is thread connection, similar to BNC in size, operating frequency up to 11GHz, thread type is suitable for vibration environment     SMA connetor is a threaded connection, the most widely used, impedance has 50 and 75 ohm two kinds, 50 ohm with the use of soft cable frequency is lower than 12.4Ghz, with semi-rigid cable up to 26.5 Ghz     SMB connector size is smaller than SMA, for the insertion of self-locking structure, for fast connection, often used in digital communication, is the L9 replacement, 50 ohm to 4GHz, 75 ohm to 2GHz     SMC connetor for threaded connections, other similar to SMB, with a wider frequency range, often used in military or high vibration environments     Type N connector is screw type, with air as insulation material, low cost, frequency up to 11GHz, often used in testing instruments, there are 50 and 75 ohms     The MCX and MMCX connectors are small in size and are used for intensive connections     BMA for blind plug connection of low power microwave systems with frequency up to 18GHz